The exploration, production, and environmental biotechnology of petroleum are all topics covered in the Journal of Petroleum & Environmental Biotechnology. Petroleum exploration and production involves extracting hydrocarbons from the earth's underground reservoirs with the aid of several different disciplines, including petroleum geology, drilling, reservoir simulation, reservoir engineering, completions, and oil and gas facilities engineering. Crude oil or natural gas is two of the available forms of the hydrocarbons that were generated. Environmental engineering is a method for integrating science and engineering that can be used to enhance the quality of the environment, including the air, water, and land.

Although a unique method that will soon be used, bio-refining of bio-waste is typically still in the conceptual stage. Bio-waste bio-refineries may enable (rural) populations to convert their bio-waste into biofuels, biochemical chemicals, and fertilisers with marketable properties. Only one of the various unique types of bio-waste bio-refineries that have been invented is now being used commercially. Their parallel development and commercial implementations are constrained by high finance costs and hazards, a lack of confidence in their unique technology, predicted yields and revenues, and operational dependability. Modeling the aforementioned strategies and their delivery networks could enable the optimization of bio-refinery designs and, incidentally, speed up R&D processes.

The improved bio-refinery designs and supply chains may also instil more confidence in customers' capacity to sustain their financial position. Therefore, a summary of current bio-refinery styles is provided in this article along with delivery chain community fashions. The conversion platform used by the aforementioned bio-refinery models—thermochemical, biological, or hybrid ones—is used to classify them. Furthermore, a list of comparable research goals is provided, as well as a summary of the overall inherent benefits and drawbacks of all conversion systems.

Major cities in Europe have recently seen an influx of a variety of weather protesters on many occasions. The 2018 United Nations Climate Report played a role in some of these protests and marches regarding the weather. According to the document, immediate and significant changes are necessary if the rise in global temperature is to be kept within the still-possible range of +1.5°C. As the initial effects of climate change have been more prevalent and obvious, public support for a more sustainable industrial and electrical sector has significantly increased. Future bio-fuels will take the place of increasingly contested fossil sources.

However, waste streams will be used more frequently as feedstocks for the production of energy and chemicals in order to fully utilise the potential of such bio-sources and, in addition, to protect arable land for meal manufacturing. In a bio-refinery, bio-sources are converted into useful molecules in a manner similar to how fossil fuels are refined into energy and chemicals in a refinery. Bio-refineries in the first generation use chosen vegetation as feedstock. Rapeseeds and corn are the most important.