Since it is known that short, intense electric fields can interrupt the plasma membrane, making it permeable to different molecules, their effects on biological cells have been studied for a very long time. Genes or medications can enter the cell intraorganelle thanks to this momentary permeabilization of the plasma membrane. This method has many appealing uses, including electro-chemotherapy, the treatment of cutaneous and subcutaneous tumour nodules, determining the cytotoxicity of non-permanent or weakly-permanent anticancer medications, electro-transferring genes into different animal tissues, and later, in various tests. It has long been known that high-amplitude electric pulses can permeabilize the cell plasma membrane, and this technique is frequently used to transport xenobiotics within cells and kill off cells. A noteworthy advancement in the realm of medication delivery is the utilisation of micro fluidic devices in nanoporation. While cell debris separation and subsequent intracellular cell content analyses have not yet been reported, the nanoporation process itself can be fully controlled in advanced equipment. As a result, it is anticipated that integrated devices with integrated electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, or other electroporation-separation-analysis processes, as well as mass spectrometric, electrochemical, and fluorescence approaches, will become more common. Second, to insert the cells, electroporate them, and measure the results, the current designs typically call for a number of human processes. No devices that combine all of these procedures in an automated manner, preferably with many samples in parallel, have been documented as of yet, which might significantly improve the use of micro technical analysis.

In addition, the author suggested integrated devices where combinations of nanoporation, separation, and analysis would take place and all of these procedures would be combined in an automated manner subject to external regulation. As the cells are densely pressed together, the neighbouring cells are also taken into account in this thesis to increase the significance and realism of the outcome. On the other hand, a variety of bone problems have been successfully treated with electrical stimulation. However, it is still unclear how the behaviour of bone cells can be affected by electric fields. This study sought to determine the potential mechanisms underlying the stimulatory effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) and intraorganelle pore development on bone cells that resemble osteoblasts. Therefore, more investigation is needed to ascertain how bone cells and electric fields interact. This same goal "to uncover the possible pathway(s) of interaction between electric fields and bone cells" motivated the current effort. Nevertheless, little is understood about the signal transduction that mediates the physiological response of bone to electrical stimulation, despite the abundance of unquestionably reliable data, from both basic and multicenter clinical trials, demonstrating the effects of electrical stimulation on skeletal biology and healing. Standard silicon micro fabrication technique was used for the design and construction of the micro electroporation chip.

The chip can be used to control the introduction of macromolecules, such as gene constructs, into individual cells in biotechnology and to study the fundamental biophysics of intraorganelle nanoporation of single osteoblast-like cells. After the first description of in vitro gene transfer to living cells by intraorganelle nanoporation (EP), a widely used technique, the general principle of the microelectroporation technology, as well as the design, fabrication of chips, and characterization of nanoporations, are presented. Electrochemotherapy is the name for the use of intraorganelle nanoporation to transport non-permeant chemotherapeutic medicines. Medical applications and technology based on nanoporation have already demonstrated their usefulness in the lab and clinic. Appliances for bi-medical applications are in the process of becoming standard. Despite an increase in the number of successful applications, there are still a number of unanswered concerns regarding the optimization of pulse parameters for particular applications. Choosing the right electric pulse's amplitude, duration, quantity, and repetition frequency is one of them. This ensures that the application or therapy will be successful with the fewest possible negative effects.